Charles Willson Peale
Mrs Peale Lamenting the Death of Her Child, 1772; enlarged 1776; retouched 1818, Oil on canvas, 93.5 x 81.4 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art; Gift of The Barra Foundation, Inc., 1977, 1977-34-1, The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY
A Grief Observed
Commentary by Sung Cho
The American revolutionary and polymath Charles Willson Peale is famous for his portraits of the leading figures of that era. At times, however, he also revealed his own personality: his love of natural history, museum propriety, and family.
Alongside his joys, Peale’s art also exhibited his sorrows. His fourth child, Margaret Bordley (born in 1772), inspired him to initiate his most ambitious portrait: The Peale Family. The project, however, took over three decades to complete because a tragedy interrupted its progress. His beloved young daughter died the same year from smallpox.
Soon afterwards, Charles commemorated his deceased daughter with a painting that includes his first wife, Rachel (1747–90). It is unlike Peale’s other woman–child portraits that show two individuals alive and well. Here, Rachel looks heavenward and weeps over the lifeless corpse of the infant Margaret on her deathbed. All that is below the mother is white, including the handkerchief in her hand, the pillows, the bedsheets, Margaret’s clothing, and her skin. Peale intended the portrait to be a public health warning to encourage inoculation from smallpox.
In this work we find a complex mingling of politics, disease, and art as well as a multidimensionality that allows the work to be read on several levels. Peale perpetuates Rachel weeping as a symbol of personal family bereavement far beyond the original context of Jeremiah 31.
References
Richardson, Edgar P., Brooke Hindle, and Lillian B. Miller. 1983. Charles Willson Peale and His World (New York: Harry N. Abrams)
Ward, David C. 2004. Charles Willson Peale: Art and Selfhood in the Early Republic (Berkeley: University of California Press)
Wehrman, Andrew M. 2022. The Contagion of Liberty: The Politics of Smallpox in the American Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press)