Acts of the Apostles 20:1–21:16

Going To Jerusalem, Bound In The Spirit

Commentaries by Ben Quash

Works of art by Cornelius Engebrechtsz., Mirosław Bałka and Unknown Florentine artist

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Mirosław Bałka

How It Is, 2009, Steel container on stilts, 13m high x 30m long, Tate; ©️ Miroslaw Balka; Image: ©️ Tate, London / Art Resource, NY

The Unknown

Commentary by Ben Quash

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To the Ephesian elders, Paul says:

And now, behold, I am going to Jerusalem, bound in the Spirit, not knowing what shall befall me there… (Acts 20: 22)

In fact, Paul knows a little more than nothing. He knows that this is his last goodbye to all whom he visits on his journey back to the holy city (20:25).

This is a going into darkness in two ways. It is a going into the unknown, and a going towards affliction (20:23; 21:11,13).

The Polish artist Mirosław Bałka’s vast, steel storage container was the tenth commissioned work to occupy Tate Modern’s gargantuan Turbine Hall. Miked up for a BBC Radio broadcast on Good Friday 2010, I walked into it for the very first time, up a ramp eerily reminiscent of those of the trucks and railway carriages and ghetto gates that played their parts in the genocidal history of twentieth-century Europe. And in more recent times, such containers have enclosed the fragile hopes and vulnerable bodies of migrants desperately seeking a safe haven.

The work’s interior walls were clad in light-absorbing material, and the 30-metre journey to contact, or collision, with the back wall, was one of the most disorienting experiences of total darkness I have ever had. I had to relinquish nearly all my usual forms of self-reliance.

Recalling this profoundly unsettling feeling of peril intensifies my sympathy for Paul’s situation in Acts 20–21. He admits that ‘the Holy Spirit testifies to me in every city that imprisonment and afflictions await me’ (Acts 20: 23). Each gangway he ascends, in each new ship, takes him deeper into danger. He too has to relinquish his usual forms of self-reliance. Those among whom he has preached the kingdom ‘will see [his] face no more’ (v.25) as the darkness closes in. But he is not deflected, ‘if only I may accomplish my course and the ministry which I received from the Lord Jesus, to testify to the gospel of the grace of God’ (v.24).


Unknown Florentine artist

Scenes from the Life of Antonio di Giuseppe Rinaldeschi, 1501, Tempera on wood, 102 x 105 cm (whole object), Museo Stibbert, Florence; Scala / Art Resource, NY

Staying Power

Commentary by Ben Quash

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This is a series of nine painted scenes which tell the story of the crime, the arrest, the trial, and the execution of a Florentine nobleman called Antonio Rinaldeschi. He was hanged in 1501 for drunkenly throwing dung at an image of the Madonna.

Of special interest in the penultimate panel, in which Rinaldeschi makes his confession before being taken to his death, is the presence of several hooded members of a confraternity whose principal work was to walk with condemned criminals to their executions and to offer them spiritual solace.

They may look sinister to a modern eye, but their members performed a demanding and impressive journey of accompaniment, saying prayers for (or with) the condemned right up until the moment of their last breath. The artist has thrown an angel in among their company to indicate the holiness of their calling.

The demanding accompaniment of the young churches he founded was Paul’s mission, even in extreme adversity:

for three years I did not cease night or day to admonish every one with tears.… In all things I have shown you that by so toiling one must help the weak, remembering the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, ‘It is more blessed to give than to receive’. (Acts 20:31, 35)

Now he is at a point where he is being led to what he knows may be his own death. His closest companions find it is their turn to stand by him. By their words and their gestures, they express a loyalty to and a love for Paul that will abide, whatever will befall him on his return to Jerusalem. It is a fitting return for his own sacrifices on their behalf.

[H]e knelt down and prayed with them all. … And they brought him to the ship. (20:36, 38)


Cornelius Engebrechtsz.

Christ Taking Leave of his Mother, c.1515–20, Oil on panel, 54.7 x 44 cm, Rijksmuseum; Purchased with the support of the Vereniging Rembrandt, SK-A-1719, Courtesy of Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

A Devastating Departure

Commentary by Ben Quash

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And they all wept and embraced Paul and kissed him, sorrowing most of all because of the word he had spoken, that they should see his face no more. (Acts 20:37–38)

Paul’s determination to make his way back to Jerusalem meets with resistance and protests from those who love him and depend on him. He will face unpredictable ordeals, and possible death. This passage describes a series of moments of kneeling, weeping, and pleading (20:36–37; 21:5, 12).

The imagined scene of Jesus’s final leave-taking from his mother, Mary—a popular subject in Northern Europe—explores many comparable responses.

Unlike some versions of the subject which show Jesus at a distance from his mother—resolute in doing his Father’s will (Luke 2:49; John 6:38), and requiring her not to cling to him (cf. John 20:17)—here he expresses by his embrace how much he treasures what he is about to lose, and how much it costs him.

Paul likewise remains determined to go to Jerusalem, but expresses his love for those he leaves (it is ‘breaking his heart’; Acts 21:13).

And it is not only Paul who will face new trials as a result; the ‘flock’ (20:28) that he leaves behind will as well. Cornelius Engebrechtsz.’s painting of Jesus’s leave-taking allows the jagged points of the shattered tree trunks on the riverbank, the circling birds in the sky, and the looming turrets of the waiting city to signal not just a personal, but a general threat ahead. Paul, likewise, knows that his followers must suffer as he is to suffer, for ‘after my departure fierce wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock…’ (20:29).


Mirosław Bałka :

How It Is, 2009 , Steel container on stilts

Unknown Florentine artist :

Scenes from the Life of Antonio di Giuseppe Rinaldeschi, 1501 , Tempera on wood

Cornelius Engebrechtsz. :

Christ Taking Leave of his Mother, c.1515–20 , Oil on panel

Conformed to Christ

Comparative commentary by Ben Quash

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I do not account my life of any value nor as precious to myself, if only I may accomplish my course and the ministry which I received from the Lord Jesus, to testify to the gospel of the grace of God. (Acts 20:24)

So says Paul as his turn to Jerusalem echoes a key turning point in Christ’s life, who also ‘sets his face to Jerusalem’ (Luke 9:51). Paul knows what end awaited Christ there, and although (as it will turn out) his own eventual death will be in another city—Rome—he is also convinced that this is a journey from which he will not come back.

Mirosław Bałka is an artist with deep roots in the Catholic art and ritual of his home country of Poland. I found that the chillingly encompassing darkness of the great metal box—entry into which required ‘viewers’ to completely surrender their power of vision—made it an apt work for a Good Friday meditation in 2010 on Jesus’s great cry from the cross.

Paul’s ‘surrenders’ in Acts 20 and 21 are like a preparation for his own Good Friday.

That Paul is, in his own unique fashion, treading the via dolorosa is multiply confirmed in Acts. Like Jesus, he leaves a vulnerable small group of disciples behind him, who long to hold onto him. Like Jesus, he knows they will suffer attacks when he is gone. And, like Jesus, he ‘sets his face’ to Jerusalem, and willingly embraces whatever will await him there.

This is the Paul who feels both Jesus’s death and life at work in him; whose curriculum vitae is the curriculum vitae et mortis of Christ. ‘I bear on my body the marks of Jesus’, he writes (Galatians 6:17). This is why a painting of Christ’s leave-taking like that in this exhibition offers so eloquent a frame for considering Paul’s goodbyes in Acts 20 and 21.

But because the Christ to whom Paul is conformed is also risen—because Paul is downstream from Easter Day—the forsakenness of the ‘black box’ into whose depths he walks is not total. He wants to be in Jerusalem in time for Pentecost (20:16), and the Holy Spirit of Pentecost, which (in Paul’s words) ‘testifies to me … that imprisonment and afflictions await me’ (20:23) also accompanies the apostle on his way, and—along with his Spirit-filled companions—ensures he is not absolutely forsaken.

The members of the confraternities who accompanied the criminally condemned (like the young nobleman Antonio Rinaldeschi) to their deaths also sought to ensure that those to be executed did not feel utterly forsaken. Theirs was a ministry of comfort, in the power of the Holy Spirit, whom Jesus calls ‘Paraclete’ (John 14:16, 26; 16:7): comforter, intercessor, counsellor, advocate, strengthener.

In assertively pursuing a ministry of companionship into the depths of the ‘black box’ of execution, they often carried tavollette—paddle-shaped wooden boards with a handle at the base—for the victims to look at (one is visible in the panel in this exhibition). They might show Christ (who also underwent a criminal execution) or John the Baptist (who underwent a political one), and the insertion of them between the criminals’ eyes and the death that was being prepared for them seems to have been a deliberate attempt to superimpose a sacred reading of their deaths on top of a merely judicial one; to give them the opportunity to believe their fate still narratable as part of a greater story of Christian redemption.

It is in the power of this belief that Christ now lives in him that Paul declares he is ‘ready’ (21:13).

Next exhibition: Acts of the Apostles 22:1–21

Acts of the Apostles 20:1–21:16

Revised Standard Version

Acts of the Apostles 20

20 After the uproar ceased, Paul sent for the disciples and having exhorted them took leave of them and departed for Macedoʹnia. 2When he had gone through these parts and had given them much encouragement, he came to Greece. 3There he spent three months, and when a plot was made against him by the Jews as he was about to set sail for Syria, he determined to return through Macedoʹnia. 4Sopʹater of Beroeʹa, the son of Pyrrhus, accompanied him; and of the Thessaloʹnians, Aristarʹchus and Secunʹdus; and Gaʹius of Derbe, and Timothy; and the Asians, Tychʹicus and Trophʹimus. 5These went on and were waiting for us at Troʹas, 6but we sailed away from Philippi after the days of Unleavened Bread, and in five days we came to them at Troʹas, where we stayed for seven days.

7 On the first day of the week, when we were gathered together to break bread, Paul talked with them, intending to depart on the morrow; and he prolonged his speech until midnight. 8There were many lights in the upper chamber where we were gathered. 9And a young man named Euʹtychus was sitting in the window. He sank into a deep sleep as Paul talked still longer; and being overcome by sleep, he fell down from the third story and was taken up dead. 10But Paul went down and bent over him, and embracing him said, “Do not be alarmed, for his life is in him.” 11And when Paul had gone up and had broken bread and eaten, he conversed with them a long while, until daybreak, and so departed. 12And they took the lad away alive, and were not a little comforted.

13 But going ahead to the ship, we set sail for Assos, intending to take Paul aboard there; for so he had arranged, intending himself to go by land. 14And when he met us at Assos, we took him on board and came to Mityleʹne. 15And sailing from there we came the following day opposite Chiʹos; the next day we touched at Samos; and the day after that we came to Mileʹtus. 16For Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus, so that he might not have to spend time in Asia; for he was hastening to be at Jerusalem, if possible, on the day of Pentecost.

17 And from Mileʹtus he sent to Ephesus and called to him the elders of the church. 18And when they came to him, he said to them:

serving the Lord with all humility and with tears and with trials which befell me through the plots of the Jews; 20how I did not shrink from declaring to you anything that was profitable, and teaching you in public and from house to house, 21testifying both to Jews and to Greeks of repentance to God and of faith in our Lord Jesus Christ. 22And now, behold, I am going to Jerusalem, bound in the Spirit, not knowing what shall befall me there; 23except that the Holy Spirit testifies to me in every city that imprisonment and afflictions await me. 24But I do not account my life of any value nor as precious to myself, if only I may accomplish my course and the ministry which I received from the Lord Jesus, to testify to the gospel of the grace of God. 25And now, behold, I know that all you among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom will see my face no more. 26Therefore I testify to you this day that I am innocent of the blood of all of you, 27for I did not shrink from declaring to you the whole counsel of God. 28Take heed to yourselves and to all the flock, in which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to care for the church of God which he obtained with the blood of his own Son. 29I know that after my departure fierce wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock; 30and from among your own selves will arise men speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after them. 31Therefore be alert, remembering that for three years I did not cease night or day to admonish every one with tears. 32And now I commend you to God and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up and to give you the inheritance among all those who are sanctified. 33I coveted no one’s silver or gold or apparel. 34You yourselves know that these hands ministered to my necessities, and to those who were with me. 35In all things I have shown you that by so toiling one must help the weak, remembering the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, ‘It is more blessed to give than to receive.’ ”

36 And when he had spoken thus, he knelt down and prayed with them all. 37And they all wept and embraced Paul and kissed him, 38sorrowing most of all because of the word he had spoken, that they should see his face no more. And they brought him to the ship.

21 And when we had parted from them and set sail, we came by a straight course to Cos, and the next day to Rhodes, and from there to Patʹara. 2And having found a ship crossing to Phoeniʹcia, we went aboard, and set sail. 3When we had come in sight of Cyprus, leaving it on the left we sailed to Syria, and landed at Tyre; for there the ship was to unload its cargo. 4And having sought out the disciples, we stayed there for seven days. Through the Spirit they told Paul not to go on to Jerusalem. 5And when our days there were ended, we departed and went on our journey; and they all, with wives and children, brought us on our way till we were outside the city; and kneeling down on the beach we prayed and bade one another farewell. 6Then we went on board the ship, and they returned home.

7 When we had finished the voyage from Tyre, we arrived at Ptolemaʹis; and we greeted the brethren and stayed with them for one day. 8On the morrow we departed and came to Caesareʹa; and we entered the house of Philip the evangelist, who was one of the seven, and stayed with him. 9And he had four unmarried daughters, who prophesied. 10While we were staying for some days, a prophet named Agʹabus came down from Judea. 11And coming to us he took Paul’s girdle and bound his own feet and hands, and said, “Thus says the Holy Spirit, ‘So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man who owns this girdle and deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles.’ ” 12When we heard this, we and the people there begged him not to go up to Jerusalem. 13Then Paul answered, “What are you doing, weeping and breaking my heart? For I am ready not only to be imprisoned but even to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus.” 14And when he would not be persuaded, we ceased and said, “The will of the Lord be done.”

15 After these days we made ready and went up to Jerusalem. 16And some of the disciples from Caesareʹa went with us, bringing us to the house of Mnason of Cyprus, an early disciple, with whom we should lodge.