Wisdom, Wisdom Everywhere
Commentary by Andrew Davison
The figure of Wisdom appears only infrequently in the Bible, but where she does, she makes for some of the most intriguing passages in all of Scripture. She is far more often depicted in the Christian East than the West, and so Orthodox tradition will be our focus.
In this icon, Wisdom is a royal figure (Wisdom 8:3; 9:4, see also 9:10). Seated on a throne at the centre of this icon, she wears a crown and holds a sceptre. Only by Wisdom can kings rule well (Wisdom 6:9).
Wisdom’s throne has four legs but three additional supports, making seven ‘pillars’ in all (a reference to Proverbs 9:1). Her feet rest on a rock, representing Christ (1 Corinthians 10:4), and it is in relation to Christ that the complexity of this icon is both best seen and best resolved.
He appears above Wisdom, in a circle of glory, but also to the side, in Mary’s womb. As a further twist, the central figure of Wisdom may also be understood as Christ, who is often flanked by the interceding figures of Mary and John the Baptist, as here. Sometimes, the seated figure even has a cruciform halo, within which is written the Greek ho ōn (‘being itself’), the name revealed to Moses (Exodus 3 LXX) and used only of God.
Read from top to bottom, we first see God’s heavenly realm, from which the Son descends in the Incarnation. Approaching the icon in terms of descent, the central figure would be God’s uncreated Wisdom, present among us in Christ.
Read the icon from bottom to top, however, and the enthroned figure might be created wisdom—all in creation that bears a likeness to God in goodness and order (Wisdom 7:26). Then the motion would be one of ascent, with created wisdom aspiring towards God through the mediating work of Christ, the intermediary figure above her.
Christ’s presence in Mary also reminds us of the Church. Christian tradition has described both Mary and the Church as the ‘temple’ where God dwells (Wisdom 9:8), and the ‘house’ that Wisdom has built for herself (Proverbs 9:1).
Towards the top is a throne or altar. On the throne or altar sits the Book of the Gospels (or, possibly, the Book of Life from Revelation 20:12; 21:27). Above that, the vault of heaven suggests Wisdom filling the cosmos from end to end (Wisdom 8:1).
References
Althaus, Klaus-Rainer. 2005. Ikonen - Ikonen-Museum Frankfurt (Tübingen: Legat-Verlag)
Evdokimov, Paul. 1990. The Art of the Icon: A Theology of Beauty, trans. by Steven Bingham (Redondo Beach: Oakwood Publications)
Gerhard, H. P. 1971. The World of Icons, trans. By Irene R. Gibbons (London: J. Murray)
Tradigo, Alfredo. 2006. Icons and Saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church, trans. by Stephan Sartarelli (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum)